Transient liquid phase ceramic bonding

ABSTRACT

Ceramic and metal articles are joined using three metal layers one of which is a refractory metal or alloy. The refractory metal layer is placed between the other two layers, which each include a metal or alloy having a lower melting point than the refractory metal layer. The three metal layers are pressed between two articles to be bonded to form an assembly. The assembly is heated to a bonding temperature, at which the refractory metal layer remains solid, but the other two layers melt to form a liquid. The assembly is held at the bonding temperature. The refractory metal layer dissolves in surrounding liquid and a single solid bonding layer is eventually formed, at the bonding temperature, between the two articles. The bonding method may be referred to as a transient-liquid-phase or isothermal bonding method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed generally to bonding ceramic articles. It is directed in particular to a method for isothermally bonding ceramic materials and refractory metals.

Bonding a ceramic to a ceramic or a ceramic to a metal is usually accomplished using a metal interlayer between the materials to be bonded. Well-known bonding methods include solid-state bonding and brazing.

Brazing involves holding articles to be bonded in contact with a metal interlayer to form an assembly. The assembly is heated to a temperature sufficient to melt the interlayer. The interlayer preferably includes an alloy which forms a reactive liquid phase for wetting the articles to be bonded. After the interlayer has been melted, the assembly may be cooled to solidify the interlayer and form a bond.

Materials used to form a brazing interlayer include pure aluminum (Al) and Al alloys, silver-titanium (Ag -Ti) alloys, silver-copper-titanium (Ag-Cu-Ti) alloys, silver-copper-indium-titanium alloys (Ag-Cu-In-Ti) alloys, silver-copper-tin-titanium alloys (Ag-Cu-Sn-Ti) alloys and copper-nickel-titanium (Cu-Ni-Ti) alloys. Although more refractory brazing alloys exist, the most commonly used brazing alloys have brazing temperatures below about 1000° C. As such, assemblies joined by such brazing alloys are unlikely to be suitable for high temperature applications. Further, even for low temperature applications, the expansion coefficient of a brazing interlayer and a ceramic may be sufficiently different that significant thermal stresses may result when an assembly is heated or cooled. The thermal stresses may result in immediate fracture of the assembly, or ultimate failure if the assembly is subjected to thermal cycling.

Ceramics are preferably bonded using an interlayer including a refractory metal. Refractory metals are preferred not only because of their high melting point, but because they include metals which have the closest expansion coefficient match with ceramics. A reasonably good expansion match is important in reducing thermal stresses when a bond is cooled from its bonding temperature, or when a bond is to be used in thermal cycling conditions.

Solid-state bonding may be used when bonding ceramic materials using such a refractory metal interlayer.

Solid-state bonding involves holding articles to be bonded in contact with a metal interlayer to form an assembly. The assembly is held at a temperature greater than about half the melting point of the interlayer, and subjected to a relatively high pressure, for example, greater than about ten Mega Pascals (10 MPa), for a prolonged period until the assembly is bonded. It is desirable in solid-state bonding to have surfaces of the articles to be bonded, meticulously clean. It is also desirable to make the surfaces very flat, preferably polished, to ensure the optimum contact with the bonding interlayer. Although a solid-state bond may be relatively strong, time required for surface preparation, the relatively high bonding pressure, and relatively high temperatures, may make the method unsuitable for mass production.

A disadvantage of any high temperature method for providing a metal to ceramic or a metal-to-metal bond, in particular a method which requires prolonged exposure of articles being bonded to a relatively high temperature, is that it may cause undesirable microstructural changes in an article during the bonding process.

A paper by Duvall et al., "TLP Bonding: a New Method for Joining Heat Resistant Alloys", Welding Journal, Vol 53, No 4, pp. 203-214, April, 1974, discloses a method for bonding high-temperature metal alloy articles at a relatively low temperature. The method includes forming a bonding interlayer including an alloy. The bonding layer alloy includes an alloy similar to the alloy of the articles to be bonded, but also includes a relatively small percentage of material, for example, boron, for lowering the melting point of the bonding interlayer alloy. The low melting point alloy interlayer is placed between the articles to be bonded to form an assembly. The assembly is raised to a bonding temperature above the melting point of the interlayer and the entire interlayer melts to form a liquid. The liquid interlayer is said to comprise a transient liquid phase (TLP) of the alloy from which it is formed. The assembly is held at the bonding temperature and the melting point reducing material diffuses out of the TLP alloy into the adjoining articles. As the melting point reducing material diffuses out of the liquid the interlayer region solidifies to form a bond. After the bond has solidified it is preferably held at the bonding temperature for several hours to homogenize the interlayer in composition and structure. During the homogenizing process more of the melting point reducing material may diffuse from the interlayer alloy further increasing the melting point of the interlayer. As such, a bonded assembly may be used at a temperature higher than the original bonding temperature. The TLP bonding method of Duvall et al is advantageous in that the bonding interlayer actually melts at the onset of the bonding process. Melting the interlayer may enable it to fill an irregular space between articles being bonded. Melting the interlayer also eliminates the need to apply high pressure to the articles during bonding. As such, the method may be used without meticulous surface preparation, and may be used to bond irregularly shaped articles, i.e., for bonding non-flat surfaces.

While the method of Duvall et al. may be effective for bonding together metal alloy articles, it does not appear to be suitable for forming a bond to a ceramic article. This is because the method depends on diffusing a melting point lowering component out of an alloy interlayer and into an adjacent metal article. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a TLP bonding method suitable for forming a metal to ceramic or a ceramic-to-ceramic bond.

It is another object of the invention to provide a metal-ceramic or a ceramic-ceramic bonded assembly which may be used at a higher temperature than the temperature at which it was bonded.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a method for bonding articles made from refractory materials, such as ceramics and refractory metals and alloys. The method is directed to metal-ceramic and ceramic-metal bonds, however it may be used for metal-metal bonds.

Three metal layers are placed between two articles to be bonded. One of the layers includes a refractory metal. It is located between the other two of the three layers. These other two layers include a metal or alloy which melts or forms a liquid at a temperature below the temperature at which the refractory metal or alloy melts or begins to form a liquid. The lower melting point metal may be the same in each of the two layers.

The articles are pressed against the three layers to form an assembly. The assembly is heated to a first temperature not high enough to melt the refractory layer, but high enough to melt or form a liquid from the low melting point layers, and thus form a liquid film between the layer including the refractory metal and the adjacent articles.

The assembly is maintained at the first temperature until the liquid is absorbed by or reacts with the refractory metal layer and a solid bonding layer is formed. The solid bonding layer has a higher melting point than the first temperature.

The bonded assembly may be held at the first temperature or at a second temperature, higher or lower than the first temperature, to homogenize the bonding layer. The homogenizing step may be executed immediately after the bonding step.

The first temperature may be chosen so that the refractory metal and a lower melting metal may react to form an intermetallic compound.

The lower melting point layers may include between about one percent (1%) and twenty percent (20%) of a reactive metal such as titanium, to promote wetting of the articles to be bonded.

A lower melting point layer may be deposited on one or each of the articles, or on one or opposite sides of the layer including the refractory metal.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a layer including a refractory metal may be bonded onto a ceramic substrate. In this embodiment, a single low melting point layer may be placed between the layer to be bonded and the substrate to form an assembly. The assembly may then be heated to a first temperature as defined above to form a liquid, and maintained at this temperature until the liquid has disappeared, and a solid bond has formed between the layer including the refractory metal and the substrate.

Alumina articles have been bonded using a niobium (Nb) foil coated on each side with a layer of tin (Sn) including about four percent (4%) of titanium. The bonding of the alumina has been accomplished at as low as one-thousand degrees Centigrade (1000° C.). An interlayer so formed has been heated to 1500° C. without melting the bonding layer.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, schematically illustrate, among other things, embodiments of the present invention and together with the general description given above and the detailed description of the embodiments given below serve to explain the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an assembly of two articles and three metal layers according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an exploded view of the assembly of FIG. 1 wherein the three metal layers are discrete layers.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates an exploded view of the assembly of FIG. 1 wherein a refractory metal layer has a layer deposited on each side.

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an exploded view of the assembly of FIG. 1 wherein each of the articles has a metal layer deposited on a surface thereof.

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a bonded assembly including two articles and a bonding interlayer according to the present invention.

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates an experimental apparatus for bonding articles according to the present invention.

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an arrangement according to the present invention including an interlayer for bonding a refractory metal layer on to a ceramic substrate.

FIG. 8 schematically illustrates alternate arrangements of the interlayer of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 schematically illustrates the assembly of FIG. 3 wherein two metal layers include sub-layers for forming an alloy.

FIG. 10 schematically illustrates an assembly of FIG. 7 wherein an interlayer includes two sub-layers for forming an alloy.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to the drawings wherein like components are designated by the same reference numerals, FIG. 1 shows an assembly 12 of a first article 14 and a second article 16, a first metal film 18, a second metal film 20, and a third metal film 22. The articles are depicted as regular in shape and having flat surfaces, however it will be understood that the method of the present invention may be applicable to articles of other shapes. The metal films 18, 20 and 22 may form example be in the form a thin sheet or foil, or in the form of a film or layer deposited, for example, by sputtering, thermal evaporation or electrochemical process.

Preferably, the articles include two mating surfaces 24 and 26 as illustrated in FIG. 2. Surfaces 24 and 26 are preferably polished. The minimum requirement for surface finish will depend to some extent on the thickness of the layer adjacent the surface when the layer is melted or forms a liquid, as the liquid layer is preferably thick enough to fill irregularities in the surface. With sufficiently thick liquid layers surface preparation usual in conventional brazing, for example cleaning with a fine abrasive, may be sufficient. The layers 20, and 22 and 24 may be discrete layers as illustrated in FIG. 2. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 3, layer 20 may be deposited on surface 24 and layer 22 may be deposited on surface 26. Layers 20 and 22 may also be deposited on opposite surfaces 28 and 30 of layer 18 as shown in FIG. 4. Layers 20 and 22 may be deposited by well known methods including sputtering, thermal evaporation or electroplating.

Layer 18 is the layer which provides the majority component of a completed bonding layer. It preferably includes a refractory metal, for example, niobium (Nb), nickel (Ni), tantalum (Ta), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), or platinum (Pt). Layers 20 and 22 include a metal having a melting point lower than layer 18, for example gold (Au) and Copper (Cu). It should be noted that the term metal layer is used generally, i.e., the metal layers may be elemental (a pure metal) or may be formed from an alloy. Layer 20 may include the same metal as layer 22. The metals of layers 20 and 22 may also include refractory metals or alloys, provided that they melt or begin to form a liquid below the temperature at which layer 18 melts or begins to form a liquid. As such, these metals may be whimsically termed less-refractory metals.

It is important in the present invention that the metals of layers 20 and 22 form an alloy, with the metal of layer 18, which has a transient liquid phase (TLP). In another embodiment of the present invention, which is discussed in detail further below, it is preferred that at least one intermetallic compound of the metal of layer 18, and one or both of the metals of layers 20 and 22 may be formed.

In practice, layer 18 is preferably the thicker of the three layers, as an object of the invention is to form a bonding layer including an alloy rich in the metal of layer 18. As such, the bonding layer may have a melting point as close as possible to the melting point of layer 18. Usually, layer 18 will be in the form of a metal foil preferably having a thickness of about one-hundred microns or greater. Layers 20 and 22 usually have a thickness less than about ten microns.

Generally, it is preferable that layers 20 and 22 be only sufficiently thick such that when they are in the form of a liquid, they may fill surface features of surfaces 24 and 26 and still form a continuous film over the surfaces. Generally, the thickness of layer 18 is selected such that it is at least thick enough, compared with the thickness of films 20 and 22, that an alloy formed from the metals of the films will include the desired majority percentage of the metal of layer 18. There is, at least theoretically, no upper limit to the thickness of layer 18. An upper limit may be determined by a desire to homogenize a bonding layer after it is formed, or to form a bonding layer entirely comprising an intermetallic compound. In such cases, the thickness of layer 18 is preferably as close as possible to the minimum thickness. If there is no compelling reason to homogenize a finished bonding layer, the thickness of layer 18 may be selected on the basis of considerations such as the availability of foils, or a desired thermal or mechanical property of the finished bond.

When a ceramic material is being bonded, it may be advantageous to include in films 20 and/or 22 (depending on which film is adjacent a ceramic surface), a small percentage, i.e., between about 1% and 20% of a reactive metal such as titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), chromium (Cr), hafnium (Hf), lanthanum (La), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), vanadium (V) and thorium (Th). Inclusion of a reactive metal promotes wetting of the ceramic surface when layers 20 and 22 are melted. Wetting the ceramic surface is generally believed to promote the formation of a strong finished bond.

A bond is formed by heating assembly 12 to a first bonding temperature. This first temperature must be at least sufficiently high to melt layers 20 and 22, which, for the purpose of the present description, will be assumed to include the same metal. An upper limit may be determined by one or more of a number of factors, including a sensitive temperature of an article, stress formed on cooling due to differential expansion, a eutectic point on a phase diagram of the alloy-forming metals, or, simply, as low a temperature as possible. If it is desired to form an intermetallic compound from the metals of the films, the selection of the bonding temperature will be determined by the temperature at which the desired intermetallic compound is known to form. In any event, the bonding temperature should not exceed the temperature at which the metal or alloy comprising layer 18 melts or begins to form a liquid. As will be shown in detail further in this disclosure, bonding experiments can usually be completed in about four hours. As such, within the above described general guidelines, a suitable bonding temperature for a particular metal layer system may be determined experimentally within a day or two. Clearly, however a bonding temperature schedule for a complete manufacturing process for specific articles may be refined over a period of weeks or months.

When an assembly is heated to a first temperature, the layers 20 and 22 begin to form a liquid or may melt completely. When the first temperature is reached, heating is adjusted so that the first temperature may be maintained. What happens thereafter is believed to be the following: Shortly after the formation of liquid, layer 18 begins to dissolve in adjacent liquid layers 20 and 22. An alloy forms, which, initially, is still liquid at the bonding temperature. Dissolution will continue until an equilibrium is reached between the composition of the liquid and the composition of the solid at the solid-liquid interface. These compositions may, for example, correspond to the appropriate liquidus and solidus compositions in the phase diagram of the alloy. Eventually the liquid essentially disappears. The disappearance of the liquid phase at the bonding temperature may occur by any of several mechanisms alone or in combination. Generally it is expected that the low melting point component of the liquid will diffuse into solid layer 18 thus removing it from the liquid. As the low melting point component is removed from the liquid, the thickness of the liquid layer is reduced to maintain a liquid having the liquidus composition. Ultimately the liquid vanishes entirely. At this point, a solid bond comprising a single interlayer or bonding layer 19 (See FIG. 5) is formed between articles 14 and 16. An alternative process may involve reaction of a reactive metal in layers 20 and 22 with a ceramic article or articles. For some alloy systems, depletion of the reactive metal as a result of this reaction may lead to an increase in the liquidus temperature for the alloy and thereby cause solidification at the bonding temperature. In another mechanism, the primary component of layers 20 and 22 may be consumed by a reaction with solid layer 18 which results in the formation of a compound which is solid at the bonding temperature. In all of the above described mechanisms, the bonding process may be described as an isothermal bonding process. The solid bonding layer 19 may have a composition gradient wherein the proportion of the minority component of the alloy of the layer is highest near the interfaces of bonding layer 19 and surfaces 24 and 26. The bonding layer 19, however, has a higher melting temperature than the temperature at which liquid formation first initiated during the heating of the original interlayer system.

After the bonding layer is formed, it may be desirable to homogenize the layer to more evenly distribute the minority component of the alloy. This may be accomplished by maintaining the bonded assembly at the original bonding temperature, or at some other temperature higher or lower than the bonding temperature. The time period necessary for homogenization will depend on the thickness of layer 18, the homogenizing temperature, and the rate of interdiffusion in the alloy. Homogenization may further increase the melting point of th bonding layer and may reduce mechanical stress in the bonded assembly.

It should be noted that, for practical thicknesses of layer 18, complete homogenization of the bonding layer may not be possible even if the homogenizing temperature is maintained for a period of days.

As mentioned above, it may be desirable to form a bonding layer 19 which is an intermetallic compound of a metal included in layers 20 and 22, and a metal included in layer 18. This may be accomplished by selecting as the bonding layer, metals which are known to form at least one intermetallic compound, preferably a stable and refractory intermetallic. The first temperature may be selected to provide an adequate rate of intermetallic formation. In principle, for example, nickel aluminides and titanium aluminides may be formed via multilayer interlayer systems and used for joining.

Referring now to FIG. 6, an experimental bonding method for bonding alumina articles is described. Alumina chips 30 and 32 about one-half inch square and one-eighth inch thick were selected. The surfaces 31 and 33 to be bonded were polished with one micron diamond paste. A tri-layer system 34 for forming a bonding layer was formed by sputtering onto opposite surfaces of niobium foil having a thickness of about one-hundred microns, a layer including about 96% Sn and 4% Ti. Tri-layer system 34 was cleaned, sequentially in isopropyl alcohol, acetone , and ethyl alcohol for a period of about ten minutes in each solvent. Alumina chips 30 and 32 were cleaned with acetone. Tri-layer 34 was then placed between chips 30 and 32 and pressed at a pressure of about 4 MPa between graphite rams 38 and 40 in a graphite die 42. Pressure was applied by a conventional hydraulic system. Several different thermal cycles have been used successfully. In one thermal cycle, for example, the assembly of die 42 and rams 38 and 40, containing chips 30 and 32 and multilayer 34, was heated at a reduced pressure of 10⁻⁷ atmospheres (atm) to a temperature of about 1000° C. The temperature was raised at a rate of about 5° C. per minute, maintained at about 1000° C. for about four hours, then cooled at about 8° C. per minute to room temperature. After bonding, four point bend specimens were prepared from the bonded assembly of chips 30 and 32. Selected specimens were annealed for eight hours at a temperature of 1500° C., i.e., at a temperature 500° C. higher than the temperature at which the bond was formed. The specimens remained intact indicating that a refractory interlayer had been formed during the bonding process. Generally it is possible that a bond may be annealed and remain intact at a temperature up to and approaching the liquidus temperature of a homogeneous alloy or an intermetallic formed from the interlayer component materials. As such, it may be possible to anneal a bonded assembly at a temperature as high as 1000° C. above the temperature at which the bonded assembly was formed. It is believed, for example, that an intermetallic Nb₃ Sn for may be formed from a Sn-Nb-Sn tri-layer at a temperature of about 1000° C., yet will remain solid up to a temperature of about 2130° C.

Bonds according to the present invention have been produced at temperatures as low as about 650° C. Low temperature bonding is a useful feature of the present invention. Conventional diffusion bonding of alumina using niobium interlayers involve processing temperatures above 1400° C., usually between about 1600° C. and 1700° C.

While the above described experiment has been described in terms of bonding alumina using a niobium/tin system, the low temperature TLP or isothermal bonding method is not restricted to those ceramic materials. Other experiments have demonstrated the possibility of bonding alumina using Cu-Ni-Cu, Cu-Nb-Cu, Cu-Pt-Cu, and Au-Pt-Au tri-layer interlayers. This general approach should be extendable to bonding nitrides and carbides. In addition the bonding process may also be possible using non-metallic interlayer materials provided those materials form at least a partial transient liquid phase.

A potential application for low temperature TLP bonding is in metallization of ceramic substrates, for example, for microelectronic applications. Refractory metal metallization is preferable in microelectronic applications using ceramic substrates because the refractory metal may have a relatively close expansion coefficient match to the ceramic. As such, a component, so constructed, may be reliable under thermal cycling conditions common in electronic equipment.

Turning now to FIG. 7, a TLP method for bonding a metal layer 50 to a substrate 52 is illustrated. Here, metal layer 50 may be a refractory metal, for example niobium (Nb), for forming an electrical connection on the substrate. Layer 50 may be bonded using a layer 54 of a transient liquid phase forming metal. Layer 50, in effect, has the same function as layer 18 in FIG. 1. Layer 54, in effect, has the function of one of the layers 20 and 22 of FIG. 1. A method for bonding the interlayer would be similar to the above-described method for bonding to articles wherein an assembly of substrate layer 50, substrate 52, and interlayer 54 is raised to a first temperature, sufficient to melt layer 54 and form a liquid therefrom, and held at the first temperature until the liquid disappears and a solid bonding layer is formed. For example, layer 50 may be a niobium (Nb)layer and layer 54 may be an copper (Cu) layer for forming a Nb-Cu alloy bonding layer at the interface of layer 54 and substrate 52. Referring now to FIG. 8, layers 50 and 54 may be discrete layers as shown by assembly 56. Alternatively, layer 54 may be deposited on substrate 52 (assembly 58) or on a surface of layer 50 (assembly 60).

In another embodiment, the metals of layers 50 and 54 and the first temperature may be chosen such that the metals react to form an intermetallic compound. For example, layer 54 may be a nickel (Ni) layer and layer 54 may be an aluminum layer. The first temperature may be maintained until the nickel and aluminum react together to form a solid NiAl or Ni₃ Al intermetallic interlayer 55 (assembly 62) bonding layer 52 to substrate 50 (See FIG. 7). Other intermetallic bonding systems may include, for example, Ti-Al or Nb-Sn.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention layers 20 or 22 (See FIG. 1) or layer 54 (See FIG. 7) may be formed from two or more sub-layers 20a and 20b, and 22a and 22b (See FIG. 9) and 54a and 54b (See FIG. 10). This embodiment may be useful when it is desired that any of layers 20, 22 or 54 is an alloy. The materials and thicknesses of the sub-layers may be selected such that an alloy of a desired composition is formed when the sub-layers melt or form a liquid. The thickness of the sub-layers may be selected such that an alloy is formed which is homogeneous or may have a predetermined composition gradient in the direction of layer thickness. A composition gradient may be useful, for example, for matching expansion coefficients of the articles and the bonding interlayer. Although, for clarity, only two sub-layers are shown in each of layers 20, 22, and 54, it will be evident that more than two sub-layers may be used. This may be useful, for example, for forming an alloy layer having a homogeneous composition. Sub-layers may practically be formed by sequential deposition of alloy components by any of the well known thin film deposition methods such as sputtering or thermal evaporation.

In summary, a low temperature isothermal bonding method for joining ceramic and other refractory materials has been described. The method provides for joining the materials at temperatures and pressures significantly less than are usual in prior art bonding methods. As such, bonding apparatus may be simpler, and the method may be applied to joining articles having complex shapes. The method may also be applied to the manufacture of electronic components, for example, for bonding a refractory metal layer onto a ceramic substrate.

The present invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment and a number of other embodiments, and further in terms of specific materials. The invention, however, is not limited to the embodiments and materials described and depicted. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for bonding refractory materials, comprising:(a) providing first and second articles, said articles including a refractory material; (b) placing between said first and second articles at least three metal layers, a first of said layers including a first metal, a second of said layers including a second metal, and a third of said layers including a third metal; said first metal layer located between said second and third metal layers, and said first metal being a refractory metal, and said second and third metals each having a lower melting point than the refractory metal; (c) pressing said first, second, and third metal layers between said first and second articles to form an assembly; (d) heating said assembly to a first temperature sufficient to form a liquid from said second and third metal layers, but said first temperature being not sufficient to melt said first metal layer; and (e) maintaining said assembly at said first temperature until said liquid disappears and a solid bonding layer is formed between said first and second articles, said bonding layer having a higher melting point than said first temperature.
 2. The method of claim 1 further including:(f) heating said assembly at a second temperature until said bonding layer is homogenized.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein step (f) is performed immediately after step (e).
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said second metal is a refractory metal.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said third metal is a refractory metal.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of said second and third metal layers includes at least two sub-layers for forming an alloy.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said first article is a ceramic article and said second article is a metal article.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said first article and said second article are ceramic articles.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said second metal layer is deposited on said first article.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said second and third metal layers are deposited on said first and second articles.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of said second and third metal layers is deposited on said first metal layer.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein said second and third metal layers are deposited on opposite sides of said first metal layer.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of said second and third metal layers further includes between about one and twenty percent of a reactive metal.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein said reactive metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, chromium, hafnium, lanthanum, tantalum, tungsten, vanadium, and thorium.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein said second and third metals are the same.
 16. The method of claim 1 wherein said bonding layer includes at least one intermetallic compound, said intermetallic compound being an intermetallic compound of said first metal and one of said second and third metals.
 17. The method of claim 1 wherein said bonding layer includes at least two intermetallic compounds.
 18. A method for bonding refractory materials, comprising:(a) providing first and second articles, said articles including a refractory material; (b) placing between said first and second articles at least three metal layers, a first of said layers including a first metal, a second of said layers including a second metal, and a third of said layers including a third metal, said first metal layer located between said second and third metal layers, and said first metal being a refractory metal and said second and third metals each having a lower melting point than the refractory metal; (c) pressing said metal layers between said first and second articles to form an assembly; (d) heating said assembly to a first temperature sufficient to form a liquid from said second and third metal layers, but not sufficient to melt said first metal layer; and (e) maintaining said assembly at said first temperature until said liquid disappears and a solid bonding layer is formed, said solid bonding layer including at least one intermetallic compound of said first metal and one of said second and third metals.
 19. The method of claim 18 further including maintaining said assembly at a second temperature to homogenize said solid bonding layer.
 20. The method of claim 18 wherein said second and third metals are the same.
 21. A method for bonding a refractory metal layer to a ceramic substrate, comprising:(a) providing a ceramic substrate; (b) providing a first metal layer including a first metal, said first metal being a refractory metal; (c) providing a second metal layer including a second metal having a lower melting point than said first metal; (d) placing said second metal layer between said first metal layer and said ceramic substrate; (e) pressing said first and second layers against said substrate to form an assembly; (f) heating said assembly to a first temperature not sufficient to melt said first metal layer but high enough to form a liquid from said second metal layer; and (g) maintaining said assembly at said first temperature until said liquid disappears and a solid interlayer is formed, said solid interlayer including at least one intermetallic compound of said first and second metals, and said interlayer bonding said first metal layer to said substrate. 